FORCED REFUGEES AS A CONSEQUENCE OF THE FORCED IMPLEMENTATION OF THE «LITTLE OCTOBER IN KAZAKHSTAN» CAMPAIGN: REASONS AND CIRCUMSTANCES OF MASS REFUGEE FROM PLACES OF RESIDENCE. THEIR MASS POLITICAL REPRESSIONS: GOALS, IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISMS

Abstract

Kazakhstanis view forced flight in the 1920s and 1930s within and beyond Soviet Kazakhstan as a form of social and political protest against the violent actions and consequences of the "Little October in Ka zakhstan" program of F. Goloshchekin and his international team. The author deliberately avoids using the outdated concepts of the party-Soviet apparatus and punitive organs, such as "nomadic migration" and "nomads," as this does not refer to the seasonal movements of nomads with their livestock. The concept of "nomadic migration" served as a euphemism to disguise the negative connotations associated with real events. This semantic substitution of concepts allowed the authorities to conceal the true scale o f flight, resistance, and the people's tragedy. This article was prepared as part of the IRN's PCF: 115 BR24993057 "Fundamental Research of the Main Basic Categories and Subcategories of Victims of Political Repression in Kazakhstan and the Processes of Their Full Rehabilitation." Key words: Little October in Kazakhstan, forced refugees, adaptation, political repression, rehabilitation.